Objective: To establish the identifi cation method with specifi city for Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ. Method: A comparative study was carried out on Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ and its congener Calophyllum antillanum Britt and Calophyllum inophyllum L to determine the identification characteristics of Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ by using the characteristics, microscopic thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods. Results: The character identification of Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ was that the leaves were oblong lanceolate and hairless on both sides. The leaves of Calophyllum antillanum Britt. were rectangular round to oval, both main veins and branchlets were densely rusty-red pilose. The Calophyllum inophyllum L. leaves were broadly oval or obovate oval, hairless on both sides. The microscopic characteristics of Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ powder could be observed leaf epidermal cells, fi bers and so on, no non-glandular hairs. More non-glandular hairs could be seen in Calophyllum antillanum Britt. The vertical wall of the lower epidermal cells of Calophyllum inophyllum L. leaves was wavy curved and thickened in a bead shape. The TLC identifi cation results showed that there was one more characteristic spot than other varietiesin the same genus. Conclusion: The established method for the identifi cation of Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champhas special property, which could distinguish between genuine and mixed counterfeit goods of Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ.

Objective: To identify the Juniperus Folium of Mongolian medicine and its adulterants by DNA barcode technology. Method: The DNA extraction and amplifi cation of 11 samples of Juniperus Folium and the adulterants Sabina Folium were carried out by using the internationally recognized barcode sequences ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL. Codon Code Aligner was adopted to align the sequence, and MEGA software was used to analyze the mutation sites and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) cluster of the splice sequence, and its average intra-specifi c and inter-specifi c genetic distance were calculated. Results: The success rates of PCR amplifi cation products of the four primers were ITS2 100%, psbA-trnH 100%, rbcL 100% and matK 0%, respectively. The ITS2 sequences and psbA-trnH sequences could distinguish the Juniperus Folium and its adulterants by comparison of variation sites. The results of NJ cluster analysis showed that the psbA-trnH sequences of Juniperus Folium and its adulterants could be clustered into one branch respectively, and the average interspecifi c genetic distance of psbA-trnH sequences was signifi cantly greater than the average intraspecifi c genetic distance. Conclusion: The psbA-trnH sequences can effectively distinguish Juniperus Folium from Sabina Folium, and can be used as barcode sequence to identify Juniperus Folium and the adulterants Sabina Folium, which will provide support for the identifi cation of Mongolian medicinal materials Juniperus Folium and the adulterants Sabina Folium.

Objective: To obtain the potential active ingredients and protein targets of Ligularia hodgsonii Hook. in the treatment of cough, and to explore the possible mechanism of action by Network Pharmacology. Methods: The chemical constituents of Ligularia hodgsonii Hook. were retrieved from PubMed and other data platforms, then the potential targets screened out through SwissADME and SwissTargetprediction. Cough related targets were obtained by using GeneCards. Key targets were obtained from STRING and Cytoscape, which were used to construct and analyze PPI network. Metascape platform was used for GO biological function process and KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. Results: Total of 23 key targets was obtained by multi-platform analysis, and most of the corresponding components were eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes. GO analysis obtained biological processes such as positive regulation of protein phosphorylation and regulation of inflammatory response, cellular component such as cell membrane and synapse, molecular function such as protein kinase binding and protein domain specifi c binding. The results of KEGG enrichment showed the signal pathways related to infl ammation.Conclusion: Ligularia hodgsonii Hook. has many active ingredients, which may improve cough symptoms and functions via multi-component multi-target manner and multi-pathway. The underlying mechanism may involve related pathways of infl ammation and immunity.

Objective: To evaluate comprehensively the quality of Begonia evasiana, Begonia sinensis, Begonia pedatifida, Begonia smithiana and Begonia henryi by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technology conbined with chemometric. Methods: Chromatographic separations were conducted on a ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C₁₈ column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) with acetonitrile-0.1% aqueous formic acid as mobile phase by gradient elution. The column temperature was 30 ℃, the fl ow rate was 0.2 mL·min^-1, and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. The positive and negative ions were scanned simultaneously by the electric spray ion source (ESI), and collected in MSE mode. The UPLC/Q-TOF-MS characteristic maps of five kinds of Begonia medicinal materials were established, their common peaks were confi rmed and assigned, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to analyze the data statistically. Results: The common characteristic peaks were 15, 13, 12, 12 and 15 for Begonia evasiana, Begonia sinensis, Begonia pedatifida, Begonia smithiana and Begonia henryi, respectively, and a total of 29 compounds were identifi ed. There were signifi cant diff erences in the quality of the fi ve medicinal herbs of the genus Begonia, among which the chemical composition differences between the Begonia henryi and the other four medicinal herbs were significant. The chemical composition diff erences between the Begonia evasiana and Begonia sinensis were relatively small, and the chemical composition differences between the Begonia pedatifida and Begonia smithiana were relatively small. 8 chemical markers that contributed significantly to the differentiation of the five medicinal materials were also screened, including proanthocyanidin B2, epicatechin, cucurbitacin D or its isomers, cucurbitacin D glucoside, and cucurbitacin B as potential identifi cation characteristic chemical markers, while proanthocyanidin B1, catechins, and rutin were potential content diff erential chemical markers. Conclusion: The method directly and accurately refl ects the overall quality and chemical composition diff erences of these fi ve medicinal materials, and has important guiding significance for establishing scientific and reasonable quality evaluation methods and safe drug use of the genus Begonia medicinal materials, and also provides references for the overall quality evaluation and control and standard revision of begonia.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the leaves of Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC., a medicinal plant of legume, in order to provide material basis for the establishment of quality standard system for D. caudatum. Methods: After the leaves of Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC. were extracted by 70% ethanol, the chemical constituents of the leaves of D. caudatum were separated and purifi ed by macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography, silica gel column chromatography, and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their structures of the compounds were identifi ed according to the physicochemical properties and spectral data of the monomers obtained. Results: Thirteen compounds were isolated from the leaves of D. caudatum, these compounds were identifi ed and identifi ed from the leaves of Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC.: desmodol (1), citrusinol (2), 8-prenylquercetin (3), dihydrokaempferol (4), neophellamuretin (5), yukovanol (6), quercetin (7), kaempferol (8), vitexin (9), swertisin (10), soyasapogenel B (11), hibiscone A (12) and hibiscone D (13). Among them, compounds 7, 8, 12 and 13 were the constituents contained in various medicinal parts of D. caudatum. Conclusion: Compounds 7, 8, 12 and 13 can be used as candidate quality control onstituents of D. caudatum.