Objective: To establish the identifi cation method with specifi city for Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ. Method: A comparative study was carried out on Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ and its congener Calophyllum antillanum Britt and Calophyllum inophyllum L to determine the identification characteristics of Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ by using the characteristics, microscopic thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods. Results: The character identification of Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ was that the leaves were oblong lanceolate and hairless on both sides. The leaves of Calophyllum antillanum Britt. were rectangular round to oval, both main veins and branchlets were densely rusty-red pilose. The Calophyllum inophyllum L. leaves were broadly oval or obovate oval, hairless on both sides. The microscopic characteristics of Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ powder could be observed leaf epidermal cells, fi bers and so on, no non-glandular hairs. More non-glandular hairs could be seen in Calophyllum antillanum Britt. The vertical wall of the lower epidermal cells of Calophyllum inophyllum L. leaves was wavy curved and thickened in a bead shape. The TLC identifi cation results showed that there was one more characteristic spot than other varietiesin the same genus. Conclusion: The established method for the identifi cation of Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champhas special property, which could distinguish between genuine and mixed counterfeit goods of Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. et Champ.

Objective: To identify the Juniperus Folium of Mongolian medicine and its adulterants by DNA barcode technology. Method: The DNA extraction and amplifi cation of 11 samples of Juniperus Folium and the adulterants Sabina Folium were carried out by using the internationally recognized barcode sequences ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL. Codon Code Aligner was adopted to align the sequence, and MEGA software was used to analyze the mutation sites and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) cluster of the splice sequence, and its average intra-specifi c and inter-specifi c genetic distance were calculated. Results: The success rates of PCR amplifi cation products of the four primers were ITS2 100%, psbA-trnH 100%, rbcL 100% and matK 0%, respectively. The ITS2 sequences and psbA-trnH sequences could distinguish the Juniperus Folium and its adulterants by comparison of variation sites. The results of NJ cluster analysis showed that the psbA-trnH sequences of Juniperus Folium and its adulterants could be clustered into one branch respectively, and the average interspecifi c genetic distance of psbA-trnH sequences was signifi cantly greater than the average intraspecifi c genetic distance. Conclusion: The psbA-trnH sequences can effectively distinguish Juniperus Folium from Sabina Folium, and can be used as barcode sequence to identify Juniperus Folium and the adulterants Sabina Folium, which will provide support for the identifi cation of Mongolian medicinal materials Juniperus Folium and the adulterants Sabina Folium.

Objective: To obtain the potential active ingredients and protein targets of Ligularia hodgsonii Hook. in the treatment of cough, and to explore the possible mechanism of action by Network Pharmacology. Methods: The chemical constituents of Ligularia hodgsonii Hook. were retrieved from PubMed and other data platforms, then the potential targets screened out through SwissADME and SwissTargetprediction. Cough related targets were obtained by using GeneCards. Key targets were obtained from STRING and Cytoscape, which were used to construct and analyze PPI network. Metascape platform was used for GO biological function process and KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. Results: Total of 23 key targets was obtained by multi-platform analysis, and most of the corresponding components were eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes. GO analysis obtained biological processes such as positive regulation of protein phosphorylation and regulation of inflammatory response, cellular component such as cell membrane and synapse, molecular function such as protein kinase binding and protein domain specifi c binding. The results of KEGG enrichment showed the signal pathways related to infl ammation.Conclusion: Ligularia hodgsonii Hook. has many active ingredients, which may improve cough symptoms and functions via multi-component multi-target manner and multi-pathway. The underlying mechanism may involve related pathways of infl ammation and immunity.

Objective: To evaluate comprehensively the quality of Begonia evasiana, Begonia sinensis, Begonia pedatifida, Begonia smithiana and Begonia henryi by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technology conbined with chemometric. Methods: Chromatographic separations were conducted on a ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C₁₈ column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) with acetonitrile-0.1% aqueous formic acid as mobile phase by gradient elution. The column temperature was 30 ℃, the fl ow rate was 0.2 mL·min^-1, and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. The positive and negative ions were scanned simultaneously by the electric spray ion source (ESI), and collected in MSE mode. The UPLC/Q-TOF-MS characteristic maps of five kinds of Begonia medicinal materials were established, their common peaks were confi rmed and assigned, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to analyze the data statistically. Results: The common characteristic peaks were 15, 13, 12, 12 and 15 for Begonia evasiana, Begonia sinensis, Begonia pedatifida, Begonia smithiana and Begonia henryi, respectively, and a total of 29 compounds were identifi ed. There were signifi cant diff erences in the quality of the fi ve medicinal herbs of the genus Begonia, among which the chemical composition differences between the Begonia henryi and the other four medicinal herbs were significant. The chemical composition diff erences between the Begonia evasiana and Begonia sinensis were relatively small, and the chemical composition differences between the Begonia pedatifida and Begonia smithiana were relatively small. 8 chemical markers that contributed significantly to the differentiation of the five medicinal materials were also screened, including proanthocyanidin B2, epicatechin, cucurbitacin D or its isomers, cucurbitacin D glucoside, and cucurbitacin B as potential identifi cation characteristic chemical markers, while proanthocyanidin B1, catechins, and rutin were potential content diff erential chemical markers. Conclusion: The method directly and accurately refl ects the overall quality and chemical composition diff erences of these fi ve medicinal materials, and has important guiding significance for establishing scientific and reasonable quality evaluation methods and safe drug use of the genus Begonia medicinal materials, and also provides references for the overall quality evaluation and control and standard revision of begonia.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the leaves of Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC., a medicinal plant of legume, in order to provide material basis for the establishment of quality standard system for D. caudatum. Methods: After the leaves of Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC. were extracted by 70% ethanol, the chemical constituents of the leaves of D. caudatum were separated and purifi ed by macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography, silica gel column chromatography, and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their structures of the compounds were identifi ed according to the physicochemical properties and spectral data of the monomers obtained. Results: Thirteen compounds were isolated from the leaves of D. caudatum, these compounds were identifi ed and identifi ed from the leaves of Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC.: desmodol (1), citrusinol (2), 8-prenylquercetin (3), dihydrokaempferol (4), neophellamuretin (5), yukovanol (6), quercetin (7), kaempferol (8), vitexin (9), swertisin (10), soyasapogenel B (11), hibiscone A (12) and hibiscone D (13). Among them, compounds 7, 8, 12 and 13 were the constituents contained in various medicinal parts of D. caudatum. Conclusion: Compounds 7, 8, 12 and 13 can be used as candidate quality control onstituents of D. caudatum.

Objective：To establish the identification method of Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum in Yinchai granules and investigate whether there exists a phenomenon of using B. marginatum var. stenophyllum to replace B. chinense in the manufacture enterprises. Methods：UPLC-MS/MS was used with Agilent Eclipse Plus C₁₈ (100 mm ×3 mm, 1.8 μm) as analytical column, acetonitrile (A)-water(B) as a phase of step gradient elution, the fl ow rate was 0.3 mL·min^-1, the column themperature was 40 ℃. The target compound was analyzed under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with an ESI^– source operating in negative ion mode, m/z 943.5→797.5, m/z 943.5→635.4, m/z 943.5→781.5 were selected as the detection ion pairs. Results：Nepasaikosaponin K showed a good linear relationship in the range of 0.1-5 μg·mL–1 with a r at 0.9920, the precision RSD (n=6) of apparatus was 0.57%, the repeatability RSD (n=6) of sample was 0.95%. Total of 27 batches of Yinchai granule samples were screened with the limit that the doping of B. marginatum var. stenophyllum should not exceed 10%. The results showed that the doping of B. marginatum var. stenophyllum in 4 batches of Yinchai granules was 59%, 21%, 32% and 71%, which exceeded the proposed limit. Conclusion:：The method has been verified by methodology, it is sensitive and accurate, and could be applied to detect the B. marginatum var. stenophyllum in the Yinchai granules.

Objective: To establish the inspection method for the adulteration of Panax ginseng in Shengui Lurong Pills to investigate whether there is a phenomenon of using Panax quinquefolium or its side ingredients to replace Panax ginseng in the manufacture enterprises,so as to provide technical support for traditional Chinese medicine supervision. Methods: The characteristic component of Panax quinquefolium pseudo-ginsenoside F11 was used as the adulteration detection basis. LC-MS method was used with C₁₈ (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) as analytical column, methanol and 0.1% aqueous formic acid solution were used as mobile phase for gradient elution, the fl ow rate was 0.3 mL·min^-1, the column temperature was 25 ℃. The analytes were detected by electrospray ionization (ESI+ ) mode combined with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Results: The sample concentration of psuedo-ginsenoside F11 showed a good linear relationship in the range of 12.32- 616.00 ng·mL_-1 (R² =0.9999), and the RSD of repeatability test was 2.1%. The average recovery was 102.6% with RSD=2.1% (n=9). Panax quinquefolium was detected in 16 of the 43 batches sample, and the detection rate was up to 37%. Conclusion: The method is sensitive and accurate, which can be applied to the adulteration detection of Panax ginseng in Shengui Lurong Pills.

Objective: To establish the HPLC-ELSD identifi cation method of Lonicerae Flos in Xiaoer Yanbian granules, crack down on the adulteration of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos in traditional Chinese medicine preparations. Methods: The adulterated Lonicerae Flos in Xiaoer Yanbian granules were quickly screen by TLC with macranthoidin B as the index component and trichloromethane methanol water (6∶4∶1) as the developing agent; The adulterated Lonicerae Flos in Xiaoer Yanbian granules were identifi ed by HPLC-ELSD, a Sun Fire^® C₁₈(2) column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5μm) was selected, the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water with gradient elution, the fl ow rate was 1.0 mL·min^-1, the column temperature was 30 ℃, and the sample volume was 10 μL; it was confi rmed by LC-MS, and the column was Thermo Hypersil GOLD aQ C₁₈ (150 mm ×2.1 mm, 3 μm) gradiently eluted with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid solution as the mobile phase at the fl ow rate of 0.3 mL·min^-1, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. Electrospray ion source was used for mass spectrometer, detected in negative ion mode. Results: TLC test results showed that a total of 16 batches of 34 samples produced by 8 enterprises were suspected of detecting macranthoidin B; the verifi cation result of HPLC-ELSD method were consistent with TLC method, and 5% or more of Lonicerae Flos mixed with Lonicerae Japonicae Flos in Xiaoer Yanbian granules could be detected. The 16 batches of macranthoidin B samples were confi rmed by HPLC-MS. Conclusion: The established series of methods have good specificity, high sensitivity, simplicity and rapidity, and it provides a strong technical support for combating Lonicerae Japonicae Flos adulteration.

Objective: To establish a method for the detection of Scutellaria Extract added in Xiaochaihu granules. Methods: The peak areas ratio of baicalin and wogonoside was used as an index to analyze whether Xiaochaihu granules were added with Scutellaria extract by UPLC. The separation was performed on Waters CORTECS^® T3 (100 mm ×4.6 mm, 2.7 µm) column, the mobile phase was composed of methanol (A) and 0.5% formic acid (B) with gradient elution (0-10 min, 5% A→25% A; 10-40 min, 25% A→55% A; 40-55 min, 55% A→80% A), the fl ow rate was 0.6 mL·min^-1, the detection wavelength was 270 nm, the column temperature was 30 ℃ and the injection volume was 5 µL. Results: RSD of precision, repeatability and stability test were 0.032%(n=6), 0.011% and 2.3% (n=6), 0.094% (n=8), respectively. There was a good linear relationship between the proportion of added with Scutellaria extract at 0%-100% and the peak area ratio of baicalin and wogonoside (r=0.993). The established method was used to analyze 199 batches of Xiaochaihu granules, and 48 positive samples (Peak area ratio＜0.10) were detected of them. Conclusion: This method is simple, rapid, accurate and reliable, and could be used to detect the illegal mixed of Scutellaria extract in Xiaochaihu granules, which provides technical support for supervision.

Objective: To establish the inspection method of Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum in Ganmao Qingre granules and investigate the adulteration of Bupleuri Radix. Methods: The high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was performed on Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈ (100 mm×3.0 mm, 2.7 μm) column, with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous formic acid in gradient elution mode. The fl ow rate was 0.3 mL·min^-1, the column temperature was set at 35 ℃ and the injection volume was 5 μL. The electrospray ionization source was used as detector, m/z 943.5→797.5, m/z 943.5→781.2 and m/z 943.5→635.5 were selected as the ion pairs and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was performed for the determination of Nepasaikosaponin K. Results: Nepasaikosaponin K showed good linear relationshipin the range of 0.049-4.866 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.9999), the precision and repeatability were good, RSD were 1.42% and 2.24%, respectively, taking 0.8 μg·mL^-1 as the determination concentration for adulteration, the concentration of Nepasaikosaponin K was between 1.2 and 3.5 μg·mL^-1 of 17 samples in 220 batches of Ganmao Qingre granules, judged as the detection of Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum, and the unqualifi ed rate was 7.7%. Conclusion: The established method is accurate and reliable, and can be applied to adulteration detection of Bupleuri Radix in Ganmao Qingre granules and market regulation.

Objective To review the implementation of supplementary testing methods (STM), discuss the role and significance in quality supervision and standards improvement of proprietary Chinese Medicine, and put forward suggestions on the research direction of supplementary testing methods. Methods: From January 2006 to March 2022, the STM involved in proprietary Chinese Medicine were sorted out, and the correlation between the content of STM and the quality of proprietary Chinese medicine was analyzed by detailing the implementation situation. Result: China has published and implemented 120 generic supplementary testing methods involving proprietary Chinese medicines, mainly involving prescription drug flavor falsification, weight gain, illegal addition of chemical substances, staining, and failure to produce according to approved production processes. Through the statistics of the promulgation time of supplementary testing methods, it is found that the promulgation time of different types of supplementary testing methods has certain regularity. Conclusion The implementation of supplementary inspection methods has effectively cracked down on the adulteration and counterfeiting of proprietary Chinese medicine, and helped improve the quality standards of traditional Chinese medicine. Suggestions to develop more varieties of the same or more indicators to check general complement testing method of research, testing departments could according to the problems found in the market of medicinal materials, contains the ingredients of traditional checking method of related research, corresponding to the market varieties of proprietary Chinese medicine screening work actively, and subsequently declare added inspection method, and crack down on the adulteration of proprietary Chinese medicine.

Objective: To establish a specifi c PCR method quickly and accurately for identifying Whitmania pigra and its common counterfeits. Methods: By analyzing the Cytochrome Oxidase Ⅰ(COⅠ) sequences of Whitmania pigra and its common forgeries, the SNP mutation sites of Whitmania pigra were searched and specifi c primers were designed; the key factors such as the number of cycles, annealing temperature and the amount of DNA template and Taq enzyme were investigated to established the optimal reaction system and conditions. The specifi c PCR method was applied to the medicinal material primordia identifi cation of the Whitmania pigra powder. At the same time, in order to ensure the accuracy of the test results, the PCR amplifi ed products were conducted by generation sequencing. Results: The specifi c PCR results showed that there was a single bright band at 400-600 bp, while common adulterants did not have this band. The test results were consistent with the results of generation sequencing, which were Whitmania pigra. Conclusion: This method can distinguish the Whitmania pigra from its common counterfeits such as Hirudinaria manillensisis, Erpobdella octoculata, Black Bar, Little Black Bar and identify the primordium of the Whitmania pigra powder. It provides strong technical support for improving the supervision of TCM and cracking down on the adulteration of TCM.

Objective: To establish a method for the identifi cation and analysis of Smilacis Radix et Rhizoma mixed with adulterant Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma, which could provide technical support for the quality control of its crude drugs, decoction pieces and preparation Xinnaojing tablets. Methods: Water extraction combined with acid hydrolysis was used as the sample pretreatment method. Oleanolic acid, which was identified as an exclusive hydrolyzed ingredient of Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma, was used as the identification index. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) was used gradiently eluted with acetonitrile(A)-water(B) as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 1 mL·min^-1. Waters Xbridge^TM C₁₈ (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was chosen as column, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The detection wavelength was 205 nm. The sample size was 10 μL. Results: In this study, the established method for adulteration identifi cation of Smilacis Radix et Rhizoma crude drugs, decoction pieces and preparation Xinnaojing tablets was validated. The negative control sample showed no interference. The detection limit of oleanolic acid was 1.96 μg·mL^-1. A total of 7 batches of Smilacis Radix et Rhizoma decoction pieces samples were tested, among which one batch was found mixed with adulterant. By testing 14 batches of Xinnaojing Tablets, no adulteration was found. Conclusion: The established method was accurate, fast and highly applicable on eff ectively identifi cation of Smilacis Radix et Rhizoma mixed with adulterant Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma of its crude drugs, decoction pieces and preparation Xinnaojing tablets, which could also provide a reference for adulteration identification methods for other related preparations containing the Smilacis Radix et Rhizoma.

Objective: To establish the detection method for the adulteration of Citrus aurantium Citrus wilsonii in Baoxinning tablets and capsules to provide technical support for combating the adulteration of traditional Chinese medicine. Methods: The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole timeof-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was used on an Agilent SB C₁₈ (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) column, eluted with a gradient of acetonitrile and 1% formic acid, at a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min^-1, the column temperature was 30 ℃, and detected by electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. Multivariate analysis statistical software was used to screen and find for the oxypeucedanin hydrate, a characteristic component of Citrus wilsonii, a common adulterant of Citrus wilsonii. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS) method was established to detect whether there is Citrus wilsonii adulteration in Baoxinning tablets and capsules. Results: The concentration of Oxypeucedanin hydratehad good linearity in the range of 0.17-1.02 ng. The regression equation was Y=24451X+529.43, r=0.999, the precision RSD was 1.8%, and the stability RSD was 2.1%, the recovery ranged from 81.1% to 86.9%, the detection limit was 0.028 mg·kg^-1, and the quantification limit was 0.092 mg·kg^-1. Among the 6 batches of samples, oxypeucedanin hydrate in 5 batches was detected and 1 batch was not detected. The prescription amount of Citrus aurantium in Baoxinning tablets and capsules is 0.5010 g/ tablet (grain), the proposed limit is 2.5 µg/tablet (grain) according to the adulteration rate of 10% and the transfer rate of 30%. There is a risk of adulteration in No. 4 and No. 5 samples. Conclusion: The established method could be used to check whether there is Citrus wilsonii adulteration in Baoxinning tablets and capsules.

Objective: To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of Methylophiopogonanone A, Methylophiopogonanone B, Liriopesides B and Liriopemuscari baily saponins C in Yangyin Qingfei pills and determine the feeding situation of Ophiopogonis Radix. Methods: The high performance liquid chromatographytriple quadruple mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was performed on an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈ column (3.0 mm × 100 mm, 2.7 μm) with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrileand 0.1% aqueous formic acid. The fl ow rate was controlled at 0.3 mL•min^-1, and the column temperature was set at 35 ℃, and the sample volume was 5 μL. A mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source was used as detector operated in positive and negative ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was performed. Results: Four components showed good linear correlation within their ranges (r＞0.9991), and the averaged recoveries ranged from 96.61% to 98.65%. In the 59 batches of Yangyin Qingfei pills, 39 batches had the feeding problem of using Liriopes Radix instead of Ophiopogonis Radix or mixing in Ophiopogonis Radix. Conclusion: The established method is simple, accurate, reliable, and could be used in the determination of the feeding situation of Ophiopogonis Radix in Yangyin Qingfei pills and market regulation.