Objective: To improve the quality standard of Entada caulis and elevate its quality control level. Methods: A resource investigation and on-site sampling of Entada caulis were conducted in Guangxi and some surrounding provinces. A total of 13 batches of Entada caulis, 3 batches of mixed medicinal herbs and 4 batches of spurious products were collected. Microscopic identification and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were applied to distinguish authentic from adulterated samples. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) characteristic chromatographic method was developed. The marker component was separated, identified and quantified. The content of Phaseoloideside G derived from Entada caulis was determined by HPLC. The CAPCELL PAK MGⅢ C₁₈ column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid (31∶69), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL · min^-1, a detection wavelength of 220 nm and a column temperature of 30 ℃. Results: Compared with the existing quality standards, the updated version incorporates cross-sectional microscopic identification of the medicinal material as a novel parameter, while the TLC method was refined with enhanced specificity. Six common peaks were designated in the characteristic chromatogram, with Phaseoloideside G (C₈₈H₁₃₉NO₄₄) identified as the marker component. A good linear relationship was obtained for Phaseoloideside G (r=0.9999) within the injection range of 0.216-21.570 μg. The recovery rates ranged from 96.58% to 99.79% (RSD=1.47%, n=6). Analysis of 13 batches of Entada caulis revealed a Phaseoloideside G content ranged from 0.96% to 4.19%. Conclusion: This study optimized the microscopic and TLC identification methods for Entada caulis, developed a characteristic chromatogram and quantitative assay, and ultimately enhanced its quality standards. This study significantly enhanced the reliability of quality assessment and strengthened the raw material control for Entada caulis-based preparations.

Objective: To Improve the quality standard of Coriandri sativi fructus, establish the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) identification, characteristic chromatogram and linalool content determination methods, and conduct method validation, so as to provide reference for the improvement of the quality standard of ethnic medicinal materials. Methods: Linalool was qualitatively identified by TLC; Gas chromatography was performed on a DB-WAX elastic quartz capillary column (30 m×0.32 mm, 0.25 μm) coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID). N₂ was employed as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL · min^-1, and at programmed column temperature which was set as follows: the initial temperature was held at 90 ℃ for 2 min, increased to 100 ℃ at the rate of 2 ℃ per minute and maintained for 10 minutes, and then raised to 230 ℃ at the rate of 20 ℃ per minute, maintained for 15 min. The detector temperature was set at 300 ℃. The injection volume was 1 μL. Results: The TLC identification method demonstrated clear spots and good separation. The linearity of linalool within the concentration range of 0.06761-2.7044 mg · mL^-1 was good (r=0.9998), with a precision RSD of 0.41%, indicating good instrument precision. The stability RSD was 1.8%, indicating good sample stability within 24 h, and the repeatability RSD was 1.6%, indicating good repeatability of the method. The average recovery rate of linalool reached 97.49%(n=6, RSD=1.6%). Conclusion: The TLC is simple, feasible and specific, and can be used for the qualitative identification of linalool. The GC method is simple, accurate and reproducible, and is suitable for the determination of linalool in Coriandri sativi fructus. The similarity evaluation of characteristic chromatogram is good and can be used for quality control.

Objective: To establish and improve the quality standard of Polygala fallax Hemsl., and provide scientific evidence and reference for the quality control and rational development and utilization of Polygala fallax Hemsl. Methods: Microscopic identification and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were used for qualitative identification of Polygala fallax Hemsl. The content of 3, 6′-disinapoyl sucrose was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 15 batches of Polygala fallax Hemsl. from different origins were examined for their properties, moisture content, ash content, and extracts. Results: The microscopic identification features were obvious. The TLC identification method of Polygala fallax Hemsl. was simple and specific. The 15 batches of Polygala fallax Hemsl. had similar morphological characteristics. The moisture and total ash limits should not be more than 12.0% and 2.0% respectively, and the leachable matter limit should not be less than 17.0%. The linear range of 3, 6′-disinapoyl sucrose was 2.430-485.9 μg · mL^-1 (r=0.9999,n=7) with good linearity, and the average recovery rate (n=6) was 103.5% (RSD=0.5%). The content of 3, 6′-disinapoyl sucrose in the samples ranged from 0.03045% to 0.2048%. Conclusion: This established analytical method can provide reference for the improvement of the quality standard of Polygala fallax Hemsl.

Objective: To systematically review the current status of quality research on Tibetan medicine in Qinghai Province, identify key problems in standards, resources, scientific research, and industry, and propose strategies for improving the quality control system and advancing modernization of Tibetan medicine. Methods: Through literature review, policy analysis, and practical experience in drug testing, a multi-dimensional analysis was conducted covering origin variety, quality standards, basic research, industrial support, and resource conservation of Tibetan medicines. Based on this multi-dimensional analysis, which incorporated the analysis of typical practices such as national drug sampling, standard improvement programs, and key laboratory constructions, technical advances and regulatory experience in quality control were summarized. Results: Qinghai has developed a relatively complete system for Tibetan medicine in healthcare, research, and manufacturing. However, significant problems exist: (1) Species and clinical use are chaotic, with multiple origins, synonym confusion, and arbitrary substitutions; (2) Quality standard system is outdated, lacking qualitative/quantitative indicators and compatibility with Tibetan medicine theory; (3) Basic research is weak, with unclear bioactive components, poorly understood processing mechanisms, and shortage of reference substances; (4) Industrial support is insufficient, characterized by inadequate facilities, talent shortage, and limited funding; (5) Resource conservation is critical, with 74 species listed as endangered. Recent progress has been achieved in textual research, overall quality control technologies, safety evaluation of heavy metals, and development of reference materials. Conclusion: Upgrading quality standards is the cornerstone for standardization and modernization of Tibetan medicine. The following actions are recommended: (1) accelerate species verification and local standard revision; (2) establish characteristic fingerprint and multi-component quantification methods that reflect the holistic philosophy of Tibetan medicine; (3) deepen safety research on mineral drugs and toxic herbs; (4) promote artificial breeding and substitute development for endangered species; (5) strengthen interdisciplinary talent cultivation and platform building. A coordinated strategy integrating standards, research, industry, and resources will enable Tibetan medicine to evolve from empirical practice to evidence-based quality assurance.

Objective: To establish the characteristic chromatograms and develop a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of multiple components in Zukamu granules, and to evaluate the quality of this preparation using chemical pattern recognition technology, thereby providing a basis for its quality control. Methods: The “Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System (2012 Edition)” was used to establish the HPLC characteristic chromatograms of 12 batches of Zukamu granules. The common peaks were identified and similarity evaluations were performed. An HPLC content determination method for five active components, namely gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, nicotiflorin, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, and ammonium glycyrrhizinate in the samples was established, and the content determination was conducted. Cluster analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed on Zukamu granules using SPSS 23.0 and SIMCA 14.1 software, with variable importance projection (VIP) values > 1.0 as the criterion for screening components affecting the quality of this preparation. Results: The characteristic chromatograms of 12 batches of samples and the multi-component determination method applied to 18 batches of samples were all verified by methodological studies. Among these, the similarity of the characteristic chromatograms of 12 batches of Zukamu granules was 0.993, 0.971, 0.987, 1.000, 0.999, 0.997, 0.994, 0.998, 0.999, 1.000, 0.999, and 0.999, respectively. A total of 10 common peaks were identified, with 5 of them identified by comparison with reference substances. In addition, the average contents of gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, nicotiflorin, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, and ammonium glycyrrhizinate in 18 batches of Zukamu granules were determined to be 0.506, 0.124, 0.071, 0.003, and 0.089 mg · g^-1, respectively. The results of cluster analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis indicated that the 18 batches of Zukamu granules could be grouped into two categories, with ZKM03, ZKM05, and ZKM13 in one category and the rest in another. The VIP values of peaks 1, 7, and 9 were above 1.0. Conclusion: The established characteristic chromatograms and content determination method are stable and reliable. Combined with chemical pattern recognition technology, they can be used to evaluate the overall quality of Zukamu granules. Gallic acid, nicotiflorin, and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate are the differential components affecting the quality of Zukamu granules.

Objective: To establish a method for the determination of Coriatin, Chebulidic Acid, Ellagic Acid and Chebulidic Acid in Shiwuwei Longdanhua Wan. Methods: An analysis was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) on an Agilent 5 HC-C₁₈ column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm). A Gradient elution was performed with a mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 0.2% phosphoric acid solution at a flow rate of 1 mL·min^-1, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The detection wavelength was set at 270 nm with an injection volume of 10 μL. Results: The linear relationships of Coriatin, Chebulidic Acid, Ellagic Acid and Chebulidic Acid were good within the range of 0.020-0.512, 0.020-0.508, 0.057-0.709 and 0.020-0.505 mg^·mL^-1, respectively (r≥0.9990); the method had good durability, repeatability and accuracy (RSD<5%). The total content of Coriatin, Chebulidic Acid, Ellagic Acid and Chebulidic Acid in 115 batches of 15 kinds of Gentian flower pills produced by 8 enterprises was 0.203%-3.873%. According to the mean value of total quantity, the enterprises were ranked as A, H, B, D, C, F, G, E. Conclusion: The established method is stable and feasible, and can be used for the quality evaluation of Shiwuwei Longdanhua Wan.

Objective: To deeply investigate the chemical components and pharmacodynamic components differences of different sources of Metaplexis species, and explore the mechanism of Metaplexis japonica in treating erectile dysfunction. Methods: The metabolic profiles of Metaplexis japonica and Metaplexis hemsleyana were comprehensively characterized by using the widely targeted metabolomics technology. The effective components, effective targets and diseases of Metaplexis japonica were screened by network pharmacology and enrichment analysis was conducted. Results: A total of 2122 metabolites of 13 types were detected in Metaplexis species, among which the top three were flavonoids, lipids and phenolic acids. The principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that the metabolites of samples within the same source group were highly similar, and the samples between groups were well separated. Combined with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), 550 differential metabolites (194 up-regulated and 356 down-regulated) were screened out. KEGG enrichment showed that the differential metabolites were mainly concentrated in the biosynthesis of quercetin aglycones Ⅰ and Ⅱ , the biosynthesis of kaempferol aglycones Ⅱ , and the biosynthesis of phenylacetic acid derivatives. The analysis of five targets (BCL2L1, EDNRA, EDN1, NOS3 and BCL2) of Metaplexis japonica in treating erectile dysfunction indicated that they were the key to exerting the efficacy. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that these targets were significantly enriched in AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, the fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis pathway, the lipid and atherosclerosis pathway, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Flavonoids such as quercetin, naringenin and morin acted on the pathway targets of treating erectile dysfunction. Conclusion: This study establishes a good foundation for the identification of metabolites in Metaplexis species and the exploration of the resource value of Metaplexis species, and provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the underlying mechanism by which Metaplexis japonica treats erectile dysfunction.

Objective: To conduct a comparative study on the Mongolian medicine Halenia sibirica and its adulterants Halenia elliptica, with the aim of establishing a specific testing method for Mongolian medicine Halenia sibirica. Methods: The origin identification, morphological identification, microscopic identification, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) identification, and chromatographic fingerprint were adopted. [High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed on a Kromasil 100-5-C₁₈ column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm). A gradient elution was performed with a mobile phase comprising acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL · min^-1 and the detection wavelength was 241 nm. The common peaks were identified and the similarity was calculated by the traditional Chinese medicine fingerprint evaluation system, and content determination (HPLC was adopted, with the same chromatographic conditions as those for the fingerprint chromatogram; the detection wavelength was 348 nm) were used to compare Halenia sibirica and its adulterants Halenia elliptica. Results: The root, stem, and leaf traits of the two were basically the same. The difference lies in that the corolla of the Halenia sibirica was pale white or pale green, and the calyx lobes were linear or linear-lanceolate, while the corolla of the Halenia elliptica was blue or blue-purple, and the calyx lobes were ovate or elliptical. The cross-sectional and powder microscopic features of the stems of the two were basically the same, no obvious difference. In TLC (1), there was no significant difference in the characteristic spots between the Halenia sibirica and the Halenia elliptica. In TLC (2), the Halenia sibirica had one more yellow-green main spot than the Halenia elliptica, which could effectively distinguish the two origins. Compared with the established Halenia sibirica reference fingerprint chromatogram, the similarity of 11 batches of Halenia sibirica samples was all higher than 0.93, with an average similarity of 0.97, while the similarity of 3 batches of Halenia elliptica samples was all lower than 0.65, with an average similarity of 0.63. The fingerprint chromatograms of the two were significantly different. In terms of the content of the differential component galuteolin, there was a 10∶1 difference between the Halenia sibirica and the Halenia elliptica. Conclusion: By integrating the traditional identification methods with a series of established detection methods, the differences between the Halenia sibirica and the confused Halenia elliptica can be identified intuitively and hierarchically. This study provides a reliable method for the accurate identification and quality control of the characteristic Mongolian medicine Halenia sibirica.

Objective: To investigate the medicinal history and botanical origin of Rubus sachalinensis in Mongolian medicine, clarify its similarities and differences with Rubus biflorus used in Tibetan medicine, and establish a scientific quality control approach. Methods: By systematically reviewing classical texts such as Four Medical Tantras, Mongolian Materia Medica, and Chinese Tibetan Materia Medica, the botanical origin and traditional applications of the two species were examined. Samples were collected, and comparative quality control evaluations were performed via macroscopic and microscopic identification, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), HPLC fingerprinting, and quantitative determination. Results: The two materials originated from distinct species: Rubus sachalinensis H. Lév. and Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm., respectively. Microscopic characteristics differ significantly, with Rubus sachalinensis contained non-glandular hairs and large calcium oxalate cluster crystals, whereas Rubus biflorus lacked non-glandular hairs and containing prismatic crystals. Significant differences were observed in HPLC fingerprinting, with caffeic acid content ranged from 0.19% to 0.35% in Rubus sachalinensis but either undetectable or extremely low in Rubus biflorus samples. Conclusion: Rubus sachalinensis and Rubus biflorus exhibit notable differences in historical usage, botanical origin, and chemical composition. These findings provided scientific support for standardizing their usage and promoting the standardization of Mongolian medicine.

Objective: To systematically reveal the chemical composition differences among Delphinium taliense, Delphinium kamaonense, and Delphinium sherriffii. Methods: The ethanol extracts of the three Delphinium species were separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the compound were identified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical rotation, potassium bismuth iodide reaction, and UV-light color reactions. The Metabolites of the three Delphinium species were identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS/MS), and data processing was performed with compound discoverer software. The structure of each metabolite was confirmed by referencing databases and literature. Differential metabolites were screened using SIMCA-P 14.1 software and the MetaboAnalyst 6.0 platform. Results: Talitine A (compound 1) and talitine B (compound 2) were isolated from talitine C (compound 3) and lycoctonine (compound 4) were isolated from delectinine (compound 5), caerudelphinine A (compound 6), and oxoglaucidaline (compound 7) were isolated from Delphinium sherriffii. Additionally, a total of 218 chemical compositions were identified across the three Delphinium species using plant metabolomics method. Based on the combined results of VIP scores, P-values, and FC results, 18 differential metabolites were screened in the comparison between Delphinium kamaonense and Delphinium taliense; 15 differential metabolites were screened in the comparison between Delphinium taliense and Delphinium sherriffii; and 12 differential metabolites were identified in the comparison between Delphinium kamaonense and Delphinium sherriffii. Conclusion: Although the three species of Delphinium are similar in morphology, they exhibit significant differences in chemical composition and should not be used interchangeably. The identified differential metabolites can serve as quality markers to distinguish the three medicinal materials and provide a basis for further pharmacological studies.